













Digital shots of the wild inhabitants and places of my homeland / Fotos digitales de los habitantes salvajes y sus hábitats en mi tierra





The crab Chasmagnathus granulata, one of the most abundant macroinvertebrates on salt marshes of the southwestern Atlantic, is a burrowing species that inhabits the intertidal, from the soft bare sediment flats to areas vegetated by the cordgrass Spartina densiflora. These crustaceans excavate and maintain semipermanent open burrows which may oxygenate marsh soil, enhance soil drainage, and modify sediment meiofaunal abundance (animals ranging in size from approximately 0.1 mm to 1 mm that live within the sediments). Chasmagnathus granulata burrows can extend up to 1 m into the mud and density can be as high as 60 crabs per square meter. On the basis of stomach content analysis of individuals, Chasmagnathus granulata is described as omnivorous-detritivorous. Given their number and their feeding habit known as deposit feeding (they obtain food particles by sifting through soil) which significantly alters the sediment composition, this species is likely to play a key role in marsh production and integrity. The comparison between intertidal areas with and without crab shows that sediments in the crab beds remain more humid, softer, and homogeneous across the intertidal and along the tidal cycle than areas without crabs. Also, the densities of infauna (the animals burrowing into marine sediment) were higher at high intertidal zones in crab beds than in similar areas without crabs.

Tristagma uniflorum is a species of flowering plant in the lily family (Alliaceae) known by the common name spring star, or spring starflower. Its former name was Ipheion uniflorum, and it is still known by this scientific name to many authorities. It is native to Uruguay and surrounding but it can be found elsewhere, such as much of the southern half of North America, as an introduced species, possibly an escaped ornamental plant. This is a perennial herb growing from a bulb and producing flat, shiny, green, hairless, grasslike leaves up to 30 cm long. The foliage has an onionlike scent when crushed. The stem grows up to 20 centimeters tall and bears a solitary showy flower. Each star-shaped flower has six pointed lobes up to 3 centimeters long in shades of very pale to deep purple-blue.


The genus Tropidurus (from the Tropidurae family) consists of predominantly open-habitat heliophilus lizard species, which are usually quite abundant in southern South America. Tropidurus torquatus ranges from central and southeastern Brasil to northern Uruguay in the Artigas, Tacuarembó, and Rivera Departments. It is a medium-sized lizard with strongly imbricate scales (having regularly arranged, overlapping edges), a fold with two shallow mite bags on both sides of the neck, and a wide and robust head. Adult males have colored patches varying from yellow to yellow-and-black, and black on the abdomen, ventral zone of the thighs, and the pre-cloacal flap. Adult females lack ventral colored patches. During growth there is a gradual darkening of the patches, but no modification either in patch size or color is associated with the reproductive cycle. Another sexually dimorphic feature of this species is that adult males have wider heads and thinner bodies than females of the same body size. Both grow at the same rate prior to sexual maturity, but males take longer to reach it, maturing at a larger body size than females. Little is known about the diet of Tropidurus torquatus. Most dietary information is based on small samples and not on a volumetric basis. Preliminary data from herpertologists (Fialho, 1990) indicate that this reptile's food is predominantly made up of plant material during the summer and arthropods during the winter. Juveniles, on the other hand, tend to eat less plants than adults.

Pavonia is a plant genus in the family Malvaceae that contains around 270 species, of which around 220 are found in the tropics and subtropics of the American continent. The remaining species are almost all concentrated in Africa, although 2 species are reported to be native to Asia. Together with hibiscus, Pavonia is the genus in the Mallow family which has the largest number of species. Pavonia hastata is indigenous of South America and is particularly abundant in Uruguay. It is of the few Pavonias that has been used as an ornamental throughout the world. It is a small perennial shrub up to around 1 m tall, with simple, alternate, triangular-lanceolate leaves, 3,6 cm long. During its flowering season, which extends mainly from end of spring through summer and autumn in subtropical areas, it bears numerous white or pinkish hibiscus-like flowers with a dark crimson spot in the center. They are around 5 cm and last one day only, but are quickly replaced by others, so the plant will usually have many flowers at the same time. In early spring it will form buds but these usually will not open, although seed setting will follow. This is a phenomenon known as "cleistogamy", which is probably an adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions. However, buds will become blooms in early summer. The fruit is not a pod like those of hibiscus and other relatives: it is divided in five segments with exactly one seed each. The style is another difference between Pavonia and Hibiscus species: while plants in the genus Hibiscus always have the style divided in 5, Pavonia species have twice as many stigmas. Pavonia hastata prefers light loams and sunny open areas, and is influenced by water run-off. It may be quite numerous along areas such as gullies and on roadsides. Although it responds well in conditions of good soil and water run-off, it does not need a lot of water to grow, but again if too stressed the blooms won't open. It is frost-hardy to -7ºC, although sufficient heat is necessary for the blooms to open. 


The South American rattlesnake is found in all South American countries except Ecuador and Chile. However, its range is discontinuous, with many isolated populations in northern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern Brazil. It occurs in Uruguay, eastern Brazil to southeastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. This species prefers savanna regions. It is light gray with diamond patterns down its back. It is heavily bodied all over. It weighs about 3 kg and is 1,2 m long. It is called a rattlesnake because of the rattle that represents its tail. At birth individuals have a pre-button and every time a snake sheds its skin a new rattle is formed. After two or three shedding the rattlesnake is able to produce the typical rattle sound. In the wild, the rattles are between 8-11 segments because longer rattles get caught in between rocks and will break off. In captivity, they can have rattles with up to 20 segments because of the protected environment. Another feature which characterizes the species is a large size, pronounced vertebral ridge , and a highly potent venom. This rattlesnake delivers a large dose of venom through long, hollow fangs that fold back when the mouth is closed . When the snake strikes, the fangs extend fully, acting as two miniature hypodermic needles . Typically, the snake possesses hemotoxic venom that damages the tissue area surrounding the bite area. It contains a high percent of neurotoxins that are generally associated with Elapids (Cobras, Mambas, and Kraits) bites, working primarily on the central nervous system and affecting muscle control, respiration, locomotion, and the senses. Symptoms may include mental incoherence, slurred speech, partial blindness, chills, numbness and tingling, vertigo, massive headaches and difficulty in swallowing. South American rattlesnakes are viviparous , giving birth to live young. Young snakes are born after a gestation period of 4-6 months and are able to take care of themselves as soon as they are born. An average litter consists of 5-10 young. Young rattlesnakes are between 15-35cm long at birth, and can deliver a painful bite the day they are born. They are sexually mature after 3 years. The longevity in nature and in captivity is estimated to be between 12-25 years. In Uruguay it is on the verge of extinction and is regarded as a protected species. No bite has been reported for about 50 years.
Philodryas is a genus of New World colubrid snakes, usually named green snakes. Although colubrid snakes are usually harmless to humans, Philodryas are opisthoglyphous snakes (having grooved venom-conducting teeth at the rear of the jaw) and can give a venomous bite.
Marcela is a medium-sized aromatic annual herb that grows up to 1-1/2 m high. It produces small white flowers with yellow centers and serrated green leaves. It is indigenous to much of tropical South America including Uruguay, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Argentina, and Venezuela. It often springs up on disturbed soils and some consider it a weed. Marcela has been employed in herbal medicine for many years. Using the entire plant or just its flowers, a tea is prepared with 5 g of dried herb to 1 liter of boiling water. This infusion is a natural remedy for nervous colic, epilepsy, nausea, and gastric problems. It is also an anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, menstrual promoter, sedative, and analgesic for gastric disturbances, liver problems, diarrhea, and dysentery. This same infusion (or a slightly stronger one) is used externally for rheumatism, neuralgia, sore muscles, and even menstrual pain. In some parts of the subcontinent the flowers are crushed and added to pillows as a natural sleeping aid. In Uruguay, 20 g of fresh flowers are infused in 1 liter of hot water and taken to help regulate menstruation and for asthma; also as an aid for digestion and diabetes. Marcela has been the subject of western research and many of its long-time uses in herbal medicine have been validated by scientists. In animal studies with mice and rats, macela demonstrated pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and smooth-muscle (gastrointestinal) relaxant properties internally without toxicity, in addition to anti-inflammatory and pain-relief actions externally. In vitro studies have demonstrated that marcela is molluscicidal (in a test used to ascertain its effectiveness against the tropical disease schistosomiasis), and active against Salmonella, E. coli, and Staphylococcus. It also has shown to be a strong antioxidant, to increases the flow of bile from the gallbladder, to help protect against liver damage and lower liver enzymes levels.






The Chalk-browed Mockingbird is a bird found in Uruguay, most of Brazil, and parts of Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Suriname. It's a bird of open wooded areas, including urban and suburban gardens. It feeds on fruits, insects caught on the ground and small vertebrates. Sometimes it preys on other bird’s eggs. It has a large range (around 7,200,000 km²), and although its population has not been thoroughly surveyed, it is believed to be large as it is reported as "common" in parts of its range. The nest is built about 1,5m from the ground on a small tree or scrub. The external part is made of thick branches and the interior of thin roots and grass. It may have up to four broods a year, each one with up to five eggs. Other members of the family may help raising the hatchlings. Chalk-browed Mockingbirds are very aggressive to other species of birds that come close to the nest or feeding sites. In Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul they have an elaborate song, but in other places the song is simpler. Many mock other bird’s songs such as the kestrel (Falco sparverius). Some populations migrate during the cold season. 


The Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja, sometimes separated in the monotypic genus Ajaja) is a wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. It is a mainly resident breeder in South America, the Caribbean, and the Gulf coast of the USA. The Roseate Spoonbill nests in trees, often mangroves, laying 2 to 5 eggs. It is 80 cm tall, with a 120–130 cm wingspan. It is long-legged and long-necked and has a long, flat bill. Adults have a bare greenish head, white neck, breast and back, and are otherwise a deep pink. The bill is grey. Sexes are similar, but immature birds have white, feathered heads and the pink of the plumage is paler. Unlike herons, spoonbills fly with their necks outstretched. In 2006, a banded bird 16 years old was discovered, making it the oldest known individual in the wild. This bird easily mistaken for a flamingo by someone who has not seen it before. It feeds in shallow fresh or coastal waters on fish, frogs, crustaceans and shrimp, swinging its bill from side to side as it steadily walks through the water, often in groups. 

The Green-barred Woodpecker is a species in the Picidae family. The scientific name melanochloros derives from the Greek melanos, meaning "black", and chloros, "pale green", the principal colors of this bird. It is found in east and central South America from north east Brazil to Bolivia, central Argentina and Uruguay. It feeds mainly on ants but also catches spiders and eats fruits and berries. The male has a red malar (the cheek, defined in birds as the area in front of, and slightly below the eye) while the female has a black malar. Both sexes are pale green with white on the sides of the head and red on the crown and nape while the forecrown is black. The upperparts are barred black while the underparts have black, heart-shaped spots. When not in a typical woodpecker pose, this bird sometimes perches on horizontal branches and moves about a bit ike a jay.

The native range of this flightless bird is the eastern part of South America. It is not only the largest species of the genus Rhea but also the largest American bird alive. Adults have an average weight of 20–27 kg and 129 cm long from beak to tail; they usually stand about 1.50 m tall. The males are generally bigger than the females. Males can weigh up to 40 kilograms. The legs are long and strong, and have three toes. The wings of the American Rhea are rather large; the birds use them during running to maintain balance in tight turns. The feathers are gray or brown, with high individual variation, In general, males are darker than females. Even in the wild leucistic individuals (with white body plumage and blue eyes) as well as albinos occur. Concerning its eating habits, the bulk of its food consists of broad-leaved dicot foilage and other plantstuffs, particularly seed and fruit when in season. Favorite food plants include native and introduced species from all sorts of dicot families, such as Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceaeor Solanaceae. They do not usually eat cereal grains, or monocots in general. However, the leaves of particular grass species like Brachiaria brizantha can be eaten in large quantities, and Liliaceae (e.g. the sarsaparilla Smilax brasiliensis) have also been recorded as foodplants. Even tough and spiny vegetable matter like tubers or thistles is eaten with relish. Like many birds which feed on tough plant matter, the Greater Rhea swallows pebbles which help grind down the food for easy digestion. It is much attracted to sparkling objects and sometimes accidentially swallows metallic or glossy objects. Greater Rheas breed in the warmer months, between September and January depending on the climate. Males are simultaneously polygynous, females are serially polyandrous. In practice, this means that the females move around during breeding season, mating with a male and depositing their eggs with the male before leaving him and mating with another male. Males on the other hand are sedentary, attending the nests and taking care of incubation and the hatchlings all on their own. Even recent evidence suggests that dominant males may enlist a subordinate male to roost for him while he starts a second nest with a second harem. The nests are thus collectively used by several females and can contain as many as 80 eggs laid by a dozen females; each individual female's clutch numbers some 5-10 eggs. However, the average clutch size is 26 with 7 different females eggs. Rhea eggs measure about 130 mm × 90 mm and weigh 600 g on average; they are thus less than half the size of an ostrich egg. Their shell is greenish-yellow when fresh but soon fades to dull cream when exposed to light. The nest is a simple shallow and wide scrape in a hidden location The incubation period is 29-43 days. All the eggs hatch within 36 hours of each other even though the eggs in one nest were laid perhaps as much as two weeks apart. As it seems, when the first young are ready to hatch they start a call resembling a pop-bottle rocket, even while still inside the egg, thus the hatching time is coordinated. Greater Rheas are sexually mature by their 14th month. The Greater Rhea is considered a Near Threatened species according to the IUCN. The species is believed to be declining but it is still reasonably plentiful across its wide range, which is about 6,540,000 km2. The major factors in its decline is ranching and farming. The populations of Argentina and Uruguay are most seriously affected by the decline, in the former country mostly due to the adverse impact of agriculture, in the latter mostly due to overhunting in the late 20th century.
Bidens is a genus in the daisy family Asteraceae. It contains about 200 species. The common names Bur marigolds or Tickseed sunflowers refer to the achene burrs on the seeds of this genus, most of which are barbed. The generic name refers the same fact; it means "two-tooth", from Latin Bis "two" + Dens "tooth". The plants are zoochorous; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new habitat. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many oceanic islands in South America. Bidens laevis is native from the southern half of the United States through Uruguay, where it grows in wetlands, including estuaries and riverbanks. This is an annual or perennial herb growing over 20 centimeters tall and sometimes much taller, exceeding one meter in height. The narrow lance-shaped leaves are 5 to 15 centimeters long, with finely toothed edges and pointed tips. The inflorescence bears one or more flower heads which bend down as they become heavy with fruit after flowering. Each head has a center of yellow disc florets and a fringe of 7 or 8 yellow ray florets each up to 3 centimeters long. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 1-2 months for a colony of plants. The root system is shallow and branches frequently. This plant often forms colonies and spreads by reseeding itself; sometimes the lower portion of a stem will form rootlets at the leaf nodes when it lies against moist soil.